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美第奇家族的兴衰
作者:克里斯托弗·希伯特
内容简介
文艺复兴时期的佛罗伦萨在其鼎盛阶段曾是欧洲财富、权力和影响力的中心。作为一个靠贸易和金融支撑的共和制邦国,她不乏血腥争斗的政治统治权掌握在富有的商人家族手中,而这其中最著名的莫过于美第奇家族。这本令人激动的作品细数了美第奇家族在佛罗伦萨政治、经济和文化历史上的巨大影响。本书内容始于15世纪30年代,美第奇王朝在近乎传奇的科西莫德美第奇的领导下崛起,中间经历了他们作为文艺复兴时期一些最伟大的艺术家和建筑师的资助者的黄金时代,再到美第奇家族的各位教皇和大公统治的时代,直至佛罗伦萨陷入衰败与破产以及1737年美第奇家族血脉的终结。
作者自序
尽管描写美第奇家族及其所处时代的作品很多,但直到1909年G.F.杨上校的两卷本著作出版,我们才有了第一部全面描写整个美第奇家族的英文著作。该书从十四世纪美第奇银行在乔瓦尼·迪·比奇·德·美第奇的领导下崛起写起,直到1737年美第奇家族的最后一位托斯卡纳大公吉安·加斯托内去世为止。基于当代研究的成果,本书意在对这一课题做出进一步研究并为杨上校的著作——被费迪南德·谢维尔评价为“一个多愁善感的作者凌驾于历史上的主观离题”——提供一个可靠的补充。
本书涉及的范围极广,我不敢在这些领域中妄称专家,但是我参考了许多作家和学者的著作,他们的研究成果对我的写作帮助极大。在此我想特别感谢哈罗德·阿克顿爵士、伊夫·博苏克女士、埃里克·科克伦教授、文森特·克罗宁先生、J.R.黑尔教授、乔治·霍姆斯博士、劳罗·马丁内斯教授、艾里斯·奥里戈侯爵夫人、里多尔菲侯爵、雷蒙德·德鲁弗教授、尼古拉·鲁宾斯坦教授和费迪南德·谢维尔先生。我尤其感激利兹大学意大利语系的布赖恩·莫洛尼博士和牛津大学圣凯瑟琳学院的乔治·霍姆斯博士为本书进行审校并提出不少宝贵的改进意见。法比奥·纳尔迪先生就本书中关于托斯卡纳地区地形及建筑方面内容提供的参考也给我带来了很大帮助。我在佛罗伦萨工作期间,法比奥·纳尔迪先生和帕特里齐娅·纳尔迪夫人以及国立中央图书馆和佛罗伦萨历史博物馆的工作人员都为我提供了很多便利。
在此我还要感谢罗伯托·布鲁尼博士、毛瑞斯·希尔夫人、杰拉尔丁·诺曼夫人、弗朗切斯科·帕帕法瓦伯爵、约翰雷夫人、琼·圣乔治·桑德斯夫人、米博·斯塔尼兰先生,以及不列颠博物馆、伦敦图书馆和牛津博德利图书馆的工作人员。
最后我想要再一次感谢我的朋友哈米什·弗朗西斯和乔治·沃克审校此书。感谢我的妻子编制本书索引。
地图
第一部分 1400
”、美第奇银行的座右铭“以上帝和好运的名义”(Col Nome di Dio e di Bona Ventura)以及美第奇银行的代表,遍布欧洲所有重要的首都和商业中心,包括伦敦、那不勒斯、科隆(Cologne)、日内瓦、里昂、巴塞尔、阿维尼翁、布吕赫、安特卫普、卢贝克(Lubeck)、安科纳、博洛尼亚、罗马、比萨和威尼斯。这些分行规模都很小,其他一些则更是临时性的机构,专为短时间的集市或会议上的交易提供服务。分行也都不会雇用很多人手。在1470年,平均一个分行的雇员人数也就是九名到十名。出纳员一年的工资大概是40弗罗林币,学徒则只有20弗罗林币。即便如此,很多分行在其所在的城市里也算得上最大的企业之一了。而这些分行的经理不仅是精明的生意人,更是佛罗伦萨共和国的政治代理人。比如说,美第奇米兰分行就类似于一个金融管理部门,他们的办公地点在一座由米兰公爵弗朗切斯科·斯福尔扎提供的宫殿里。后来这里由米开罗佐设计、科西莫出资进行了大规模的扩建。再比如罗马分行,因为要经常跟随教廷一起出行,所以他们不但能享受相当的特权,而且获得的盈利也更多。就像他的父亲扶植巴尔达萨雷·科萨,也就是教皇约翰二十三世一样,科西莫选择扶植托马索·巴伦图切利(Tommaso Parentucelli)。巴伦图切利是一个托斯卡纳医生的儿子,后来当上了博洛尼亚的主教,最终成了教皇尼古拉五世(Nicholas V)。巴伦图切利年轻时因为贫穷被迫辍学,他离开大学后在佛罗伦萨给里纳尔多·德利·阿尔比奇和帕拉·斯特罗齐的孩子做家庭教师。他在佛罗伦萨委员会中表现突出,后来又在扩充美第奇藏书室上给科西莫提出了宝贵的建议。他是一个友善、风趣、学识渊博的人。他的朋友,同样是人文主义者的埃涅阿斯·西尔维乌斯·德·皮科洛米尼曾经说:“连巴伦图切利都不知道的事情一定是人力可知范围之外的事情。”科西莫看出巴伦图切利是一个值得支持之人,看重他条理清晰的头脑,谨慎而有目的性的处事方式;每次巴伦图切利找科西莫贷款,科西莫都会毫不犹豫地满足主教的一切要求。主教继任教皇之后,他与美第奇银行的紧密联系便成为对双方都更加有利的互惠关系。尼古拉五世的朋友比科洛米尼在1458年当选教皇并选择了庇护二世的称号,他也延续了教廷与美第奇家族的传统友谊,继续将教廷的财务事宜委托给美第奇银行。1469年庇护二世来到佛罗伦萨的时候,甚至理所当然地住进了美第奇宫,在这里他和科西莫变得非常亲近。当教皇离开时,科西莫
想要亲吻教皇的脚,但是由于痛风,他已经无法弯腰。于是他大笑起来并讲了个笑话:“两个从乡下返城的佛罗伦萨人,一个叫帕帕,一个叫卢波,在广场上相遇,他们伸出手臂想跟对方握手,但是因为两个人都胖得出奇,以至于太多的肉体(恕我使用这个词)阻隔在二人中间,只能用自己的肚子碰到对方的肚子。肥胖让他们失去了握手的能力,就像我的痛风剥夺了我致敬的能力一样。”
除了各种传统的银行业务之外,美第奇银行还接受客户的各种代购委托,无论是织锦挂毯,还是神圣遗骸;无论是马匹和奴隶,还是安特卫普修道士画的版画;甚至帮助拉特兰的圣约翰教堂寻找来自杜埃(Douai)和康布雷(Cambrai)的唱诗班男孩儿;还有一次竟然是一只长颈鹿。美第奇银行还是各种香料、丝绸、羊毛和布料的进出口商。他们买卖辣椒和糖、橄榄油、柑橘类水果、杏仁、皮草、刺绣、染料、珠宝,然而最重要的商品其实是一种透明的矿物盐——矾。它是生产上色快、颜色艳丽的染料必不可少的原料,在玻璃和皮革的制造过程中也十分常见。到1460年,几乎整个欧洲使用的矾都是从小亚细亚(Asia Minor)进口的,士麦那(Smyrna)附近产量丰富的矿藏一直被热那亚人控制,1455年以后又被土耳其人接管。但是到了1460年,在奇维塔韦基亚(Civitavecchia)附近的托尔法(Tolfa)的教廷国境内发现了新的储量丰富的矿藏,成千上万吨的矾随着死火山中的蒸汽喷了出来。美第奇抓住了这个价值连城的发现,这是一个再正确不过的商业决策。到了1466年,银行与教皇签订了合约,许可美第奇和铝业协会的合作伙伴们一起开采这个利益丰厚的矿藏并把产品销往海外。
几年后,法国历史学家菲利普·德·康米尼(Philippe de Commines)称,美第奇银行不但是欧洲最能赚钱的组织,更是历史上绝无仅有的最伟大的商号。“光是美第奇的名字就可以让他们的仆人和代理人们享受无尽的优厚待遇,”康米尼如是写道,“我在佛兰德斯和英格兰见到的景象简直让人不敢相信。”
美第奇家族在佛罗伦萨的主要画像、半身像和雕塑-续表1
美第奇家族在佛罗伦萨的主要画像、半身像和雕塑-续表2
美第奇家族在佛罗伦萨的主要画像、半身像和雕塑-续表3
美第奇家族在佛罗伦萨的主要画像、半身像和雕塑-续表4
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美第奇家族成员图谱
科西莫·迪·乔瓦尼·迪·比奇·德·美第奇的后代
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